Sources
If a rendering cannot be traced to its sources, it does not ship. These are the sources: every text witness, dictionary, and work of scholarship whose content stands behind the rendering. How they are weighed, word by word, is shown on the method page; the per-word receipts live in the open apparatus.
A source is listed here only once its content actually informs the work — nothing is cited for decoration.
The text witnesses
The texts the rendering is read from and against.
The Greek base text. Every reading starts here; every claim is keyed to a Greek word. Morphology via
MorphGNT.
Society of Biblical Literature, 2010 · James Tauber et al. · CC BY-SA 4.0
The Aramaic spine: the word-choice engine and the Syriac form shown throughout, consulted for every token. Electronic text by ETCBC; morphology from
SEDRA 3.
ETCBC (Dirk Roorda) · Peshitta organization · MIT-licensed data
The Curetonian and Sinaitic Old Syriac witnesses, recovered verse by verse where legible and shown as a provisional witness — never backfilled. The Sinaitic palimpsest edition of
Lewis (1910) is being re-read; its text is not yet woven.
F. Crawford Burkitt, 1904 · Agnes Smith Lewis, 1910 · public domain
Christian Palestinian Aramaic: the Western Aramaic Gospel witness closest to Yeshua’s own dialect family. Transcription is under way page by page; it currently informs the coverage picture in
the Galilean essay.
Agnes Smith Lewis & Margaret Dunlop Gibson, 1899 · public domain
The Old Testament quotations render from the Hebrew source. Amalgamated Hebrew OT with morphology, from Tyndale House.
Tyndale House Cambridge / STEPBible.org · CC BY 4.0
The Greek OT for quotation comparison; the Byzantine text supplies the Greek of verses the critical text omits, plainly flagged.
H. B. Swete (1907–1930), digital text by Eliran Wong · Robinson–Pierpont · public domain
The dictionaries
Where the Aramaic senses come from.
Sokoloff, A Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
The Galilean dictionary — the project’s primary witness for Palestinian Aramaic attestation, woven entry by entry across the glossary.
Michael Sokoloff, Bar-Ilan University Press · copyrighted; short factual glosses only
Dialect attestation and root confirmation, consulted in bounded, logged lookups.
Hebrew Union College · free scholarly use
The classical Syriac and Targumic dictionaries, consulted for semantic range.
J. Payne Smith (ed.) · Marcus Jastrow · public domain
Louw & Nida, Greek-English Lexicon Based on Semantic Domains
Each glossary entry carries its Greek semantic-domain code and label. The copyrighted sense-glosses themselves are not reproduced.
Johannes P. Louw & Eugene A. Nida, United Bible Societies
Supporting Greek and Hebrew lexica. The legacy Strong’s gloss layer is being retired wherever a curated gloss serves better.
OpenScriptures · Tyndale House · public domain / CC BY 4.0
The scholarship
The published work this project stands on — weighed source by source, never taken on authority alone.
Retroversion claims and the poetic structure of the sayings.
C. F. Burney · public domain
The classic treatment of the Aramaic behind the sayings tradition, woven as a scholar witness.
Gustaf Dalman · public domain
Modern reconstruction scholarship for Mark and the double tradition.
Maurice Casey, Cambridge University Press · purchased copies
The caution layer: documented inner-Syriac translator habits that must not be mistaken for Aramaic substrate. Where Williams warns, the claim is flagged.
P. J. Williams, Gorgias Press · purchased copy
Fitzmyer & Harrington, A Manual of Palestinian Aramaic Texts
The control corpus of dated Palestinian Aramaic (2nd c. BC–2nd c. AD) against which Galilean claims are checked.
Joseph A. Fitzmyer & Daniel J. Harrington, Pontifical Biblical Institute · purchased copy
Grammar authority for aspect and tense decisions; the map of Aramaic’s dialects and history.
Theodor Nöldeke · Klaus Beyer
English baselines & indices
Consulted for comparison; no English translation governs the rendering.
Public-domain English baselines used for comparison only.
eBible.org · BSB Committee · OEB project · public domain / CC0
Locating the scriptures inside the scripture: which Gospel words quote which Hebrew verses.
Stephen Levinsohn / OpenGNT · OpenBible.info · CC BY 4.0
The book
Qala d’Yeshua — the four Gospels in print
An Aramaic-aware translation of the four Gospels, one paperback volume. The print edition is in proof; the listing will be linked here the day it is live. Until then, everything is free on this site —
read, listen, and download.